562 research outputs found

    Essays in Economic Theory

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    This thesis consists of five chapters on topics in mechanism design and voting. In Chapter 1, we study a committee deciding collectively whether to accept a given proposal or to maintain the status quo. Committee members are privately informed about their valuations and monetary transfers are possible. According to which rule should the committee make its decision? We consider strategy-proof and anonymous social choice functions and solve for the decision rule that maximizes utilitarian welfare, which takes monetary transfers to an external agency explicitly into account. For regular distributions of preferences, we find that it is optimal to exclude monetary transfers and to decide by qualified majority voting. This sheds new light on the common objection that criticizes voting for its inefficiency. In Chapter 2, we study welfare-optimal decision rules for committees that repeatedly take a binary decision. Committee members are privately informed about their payoffs and monetary transfers are not feasible. In static environments, the only strategy-proof mechanisms are voting rules which are inefficient as they do not condition on preference intensities. The dynamic structure of repeated decision-making allows for richer decision rules that overcome this inefficiency. Nonetheless, we show that often simple voting is optimal for two-person committees. This holds for many prior type distributions and irrespective of the agents' patience. In Chapter 3, we study binary, sequential voting procedures in settings with privately informed agents and single-peaked (or single-crossing) preferences. We identify two conditions on binary voting trees, convexity of divisions and monotonicity of qualified majorities, ensuring that sincere voting at each stage forms an ex-post perfect equilibrium in the associated extensive form game with incomplete information. We illustrate our findings with several case studies: procedures that do not satisfy our two conditions offer ample space for strategic manipulations. Conversely, when the agenda satisfied our conditions, sincere behavior was indeed the most likely outcome. In Chapter 4, we study how a principal should optimally choose between implementing a new policy and keeping status quo when the information relevant for the decision is privately held by agents. Agents are strategic in revealing their information, but the principal can verify an agent's information at a given cost. We exclude monetary transfers. When is it worthwhile for the principal to incur the cost and learn an agent's information? We characterize the mechanism that maximizes the expected utility of the principal. This mechanism can be implemented as a weighted majority voting rule, where agents are given additional weight if they provide evidence about their information. The evidence is verified whenever it is decisive for the principal's decision. Additionally, we find a general equivalence between Bayesian and ex-post incentive compatible mechanisms in this setting. In Chapter 5, we are interested in strategy-proof mechanisms that maximize the agents' residual surplus, that is, the utility derived from the physical allocation minus transfers accruing to an external entity, in an independent private value auction environment. We find that, under the assumption of an increasing hazard rate of type distributions, an optimal deterministic mechanism never extracts any net payments from the agents, that is, it will be budget-balanced. Specifically, optimal mechanisms have a simple "posted price'' or "option'' form. In the bilateral trade environment, we obtain optimality of posted price mechanisms without any assumption on type distributions

    Semifluxon molecule under control

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    Josephson junctions with a phase drop pi in the ground state allow to create vortices of supercurrent carrying only half of the magnetic flux quantum Phi_0~2.07*10^-15 Wb. Such semifluxons have two-fold degenerate ground states denoted up (with flux +Phi_0/2 and supercurrent circulating clockwise) and down (with flux -Phi_0/2 and supercurrent circulating counterclockwise). We investigate a molecule consisting of two coupled semifluxons in a 0-pi-0 long Josephson junction. The fluxes (polarities) of semifluxons are measured by two on-chip SQUIDs. By varying the dc bias current applied to the 0-pi-0 junction, we demonstrate controllable manipulation and switching between two states, up-down and down-up, of a semifluxon molecule. These results provide a major step towards employing semifluxons as bits or qubits for classical and quantum digital electronics

    Delegation in Veto Bargaining

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    A proposer requires the approval of a veto player to change a status quo. Preferences are single peaked. Proposer is uncertain about Vetoer's ideal point. We study Proposer's optimal mechanism without transfers. Vetoer is given a menu, or a delegation set, to choose from. The optimal delegation set balances the extent of Proposer's compromise with the risk of a veto. Under reasonable conditions, "full delegation" is optimal: Vetoer can choose any action between the status quo and Proposer's ideal action. This outcome largely nullifies Proposer's bargaining power; Vetoer frequently obtains her ideal point, and there is Pareto efficiency despite asymmetric information. More generally, we identify when "interval delegation" is optimal. Optimal interval delegation can be a Pareto improvement over cheap talk. We derive comparative statics. Vetoer receives less discretion when preferences are more likely to be aligned, by contrast to expertise-based delegation. Methodologically, our analysis handles stochastic mechanisms

    A note on optimal allocation with costly verification

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    We revisit the problem of a principal allocating an indivisible good with costly verification, as it was formulated and analyzed by Ben-Porath et al. (2014). We establish, in this setting, a general equivalence between Bayesian and ex-post incentive compatible mechanisms. We also provide a simple proof showing that the optimal mechanism is a threshold mechanism

    Costly Verification in Collective Decisions

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    We study how a principal should optimally choose between implementing a new policy and maintaining the status quo when information relevant for the decision is privately held by agents. Agents are strategic in revealing their information and we exclude monetary transfers, but the principal can verify an agent's information at a cost. We characterize the mechanism that maximizes the expected utility of the principal. This mechanism can be implemented as a cardinal voting rule, in which agents can either cast a baseline vote, indicating only whether they are in favor of the new policy, or they make specific claims about their type. The principal gives more weight to specific claims and verifies a claim whenever it is decisive

    Sex determination in Drosophila melanogaster and Musca domestica converges at the level of the terminal regulator doublesex

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    Sex-determining cascades are supposed to have evolved in a retrograde manner from bottom to top. Wilkins' 1995 hypothesis finds support from our comparative studies in Drosophila melanogaster and Musca domestica, two dipteran species that separated some 120million years ago. The sex-determining cascades in these flies differ at the level of the primary sex-determining signal and their targets, Sxl in Drosophila and F in Musca. Here we present evidence that they converge at the level of the terminal regulator, doublesex (dsx), which conveys the selected sexual fate to the differentiation genes. The dsx homologue in Musca, Md-dsx, encodes male-specific (MdDSXM) and female-specific (MdDSXF) protein variants which correspond in structure to those in Drosophila. Sex-specific regulation of Md-dsx is controlled by the switch gene F via a splicing mechanism that is similar but in some relevant aspects different from that in Drosophila. MdDSXF expression can activate the vitellogenin genes in Drosophila and Musca males, and MdDSXM expression in Drosophila females can cause male-like pigmentation of posterior tergites, suggesting that these Musca dsx variants are conserved not only in structure but also in function. Furthermore, downregulation of Md-dsx activity in Musca by injecting dsRNA into embryos leads to intersexual differentiation of the gonads. These results strongly support a role of Md-dsx as the final regulatory gene in the sex-determining hierarchy of the housefl

    Die UniversitÀt der Zukunft : öffentliche Vortragsreihe ; Hochschulpioniere und Wissenschaftsmanager zu Gast an der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-UniversitÀt Frankfurt am Main ; [Poster]

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    Die UniversitĂ€t Frankfurt will StiftungsuniversitĂ€t mit einem hohen Maß an Autonomie werden. Die Vortragsreihe „Die UniversitĂ€t der Zukunft“ begleitet diesen Prozess des Wandels. Profilierte Hochschulpioniere, Hochschulreformer und Stifter geben Auskunft ĂŒber ihre Visionen einer UniversitĂ€t der Zukunft und ĂŒber die Projekte, an denen sie arbeiten. Thomas Oppermann und Dr. Konrad Schily machten im Sommersemester 2007 den Auftakt. Im Wintersemester wurde die Vortragsreihe von Dr. Arend Oetker eröffnet, Prof. Matthias Kleiner folgte und Prof. Andreas Pinkwart schloss sie am 28. November ab. Die Johann Wolfgang Goethe-UniversitĂ€t steht mit der geplanten Umwandlung in eine StiftungsuniversitĂ€t mit weitgehender Autonomie vor den grĂ¶ĂŸten VerĂ€nderungen der letzten 50 Jahre. Solche grundlegenden VerĂ€nderungsprozesse bieten Gelegenheit, auch einen Blick auf andere Reform-Modelle zu werfen mit dem Ziel, die eigene UrteilsfĂ€higkeit zu stĂ€rken. Die neue, hochkarĂ€tig besetzte Vortragsreihe „Die UniversitĂ€t der Zukunft“ sollte den Prozess der VerĂ€nderung der UniversitĂ€t Frankfurt in diesem und im kommenden Jahr inhaltlich begleiten. Zu Wort kamen Frauen und MĂ€nner, die als politische Pioniere Hochschulen den Weg der VerĂ€nderung geebnet, als Geldgeber ermöglicht oder gar eine neue Hochschule gegrĂŒndet und mit aufgebaut haben. Was hat sie bewegt, diese Schritte zu unternehmen? Wo sahen und sehen sie die Chancen? Mit welchen WiderstĂ€nden waren sie konfrontiert? DarĂŒber werden sie Auskunft geben und sich auch den Fragen des Publikums stellen. Den Auftakt machten im Sommersemester zwei MĂ€nner, die in Deutschland viel bewegt haben: Der ehemalige niedersĂ€chsische Wissenschaftsminister Thomas Oppermann gilt als „Vater“ der deutschen StiftungsuniversitĂ€t. WĂ€hrend seiner Amtszeit in Hannover hat er die LandesuniversitĂ€ten einem grundlegenden VerĂ€nderungsprozess unterzogen: Sie wurden Stiftungshochschule mit einem höheren Maß an Autonomie als davor. Wie sehen die Erfahrungen mit diesem Modell im RĂŒckblick mehrerer Jahre Praxis heute aus? Der Arzt und GrĂŒnder der Privaten UniversitĂ€t Witten/Herdecke, Dr. Konrad Schily, hat sich als deutscher Hochschulpionier einen Namen gemacht: Witten/Herdecke, 1982 gegrĂŒndet, ist die erste private VolluniversitĂ€t in Deutschland. Mit ihrem ambitionierten und bis heute einzigartigen Bildungskonzept hat die kleine UniversitĂ€t an der Ruhr deutsche Bildungsgeschichte geschrieben, war aber auch oft von Finanznöten geplagt. Bedeutet „privat“ eine zu starke AbhĂ€ngigkeit von Geldgebern aus der Wirtschaft. Oder hat die UniversitĂ€t ihren Freiheitskurs ĂŒber die Jahre erfolgreich verteidigen können? Im Wintersemester 2007/08 wurde die Reihe fortgesetzt. Dann standen auf dem Programm Dr. Arend Oetker (23.10.), PrĂ€sident des Stifterverbandes und Unternehmer, Prof. Matthias Kleiner (13.11.), PrĂ€sident der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) sowie der nordrhein-westfĂ€lische Minister fĂŒr Innovation, Wissenschaft, Forschung und Technologie, Prof. Andreas Pinkwart (28.11.). Dr. Arend Oetker ist einer der herausragenden MĂ€zene und Unternehmer unseres Landes. Als PrĂ€sident des Stifterverbandes fĂŒr die deutsche Wissenschaft in Essen sitzt er mit ĂŒber 350 Einzelstiftungen und einem Gesamtvermögen von 1,4 Mrd. Euro dem wichtigsten Fördernetzwerk privater Stiftungen in Deutschland vor. Damit ist er in der BRD der bedeutendste Experte im Bereich der privaten Förderung von Wissenschaft. Daneben trĂ€gt er Verantwortung fĂŒr die "Dr. Arend Oetker Holding", zu der rund 5.500 Mitarbeiter gehören und die sich mit Rohstoffhandel ebenso beschĂ€ftigt wie mit Schifffahrt. Sein Vortrag wird u.a. Auskunft darĂŒber geben, wie man Stiftungs-Potenziale fĂŒr universitĂ€re Zwecke besser nutzen kann. Prof. Matthias Kleiner ist seit Januar 2007 DFG-PrĂ€sident. Bei seinem Vortrag im UniversitĂ€tsklinikum wird er berichten ĂŒber die Arbeit der wichtigsten und grĂ¶ĂŸten Förderorganisation fĂŒr die Forschung in Deutschland. Ihre Kernaufgabe besteht in der Finanzierung von Forschungsvorhaben von Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftlern in UniversitĂ€ten und Forschungsinstituten und in der Auswahl der besten Projekte im Wettbewerb. Prof. Andreas Pinkwart ist seit 2005 Minister fĂŒr Innovation, Wissenschaft, Forschung und Technologie sowie stellvertretender MinisterprĂ€sident in Nordrhein-Westfalen. Das Hochschulfreiheitsgesetz gilt als eines der wichtigsten Reform-Projekte in der deutschen Bildungspolitik. Ermöglicht es doch allen Landes-Hochschulen ein Ausmaß an Freiheit und Selbstverantwortung, das bisher nicht denkbar war. Pinkwarts Vortrag reflektiert die Erfahrungen, die er und sein Haus in der Phase der Umsetzung mit den Hochschulen gemacht haben
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